Statistical Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistical Problem - Essay Example However since it is an online poll, it is difficult to know about the demographical state of those who participated in the poll exactly. Moreover since the poll was conducted during the week end itself it would be rather obvious that all people who were on vacation or at a military cemetery would not be in front of their PC in order to participate in the poll. Hence such a poll would seem very unsuitable, unless if it were carried before the weekend. Simple random sampling is the basic sampling technique where we select a group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Every possible sample of a given size has the same chance of selection. c. Based on the above, if we consider the stratified sample of 25 high schools, the number of schools which would be selected with a percent free lunch value between 30 and 40 would be 8% of 25 which equals to 0.08 X 25 =

Organized Crime Essay Example for Free

Organized Crime Essay The times are definitely changing. As civilization progresses, human way of living also improves. Sadly, even the negative entities have progressed executing their evil ways; crime has come from petty to being organized. Of course, there are still those who commit crime in their own little ways, so to speak. But the world is now faced with international crime syndicates who operate or influence various institutions, government most especially, and which are harder to combat. There are different definitions for organized crime offered by different individuals or organizations. I have thought of organized crime as being operated by a group having some formal structure which aims to gain profit through illegal activities. Most organized crime syndicates use or threat to use violence, and influence government officials, with some even managing to become one, to control illegal economic sector or jurisdiction. Most of the time, organized crime hide beneath legal operations but gain more on their illegal operations, which includes, but not limited to, drug trafficking, prostitution, illegal gambling and human trafficking. Combating organized crime takes a lot more effort than with the petty everyday crime because of their manipulation of government officials. Some organized crime syndicates may also have the support of unwitting citizen, who are being deceived through the syndicate’s socially accepted operation. Organized crime is mainly different from other criminal groups in that while some groups are motivated by political ideals or religious beliefs, organized crime syndicates operate almost exclusively for profit. They enter the political arena to gain protection for their illegal activities and may raise a new cult to control and manipulate their jurisdiction. Just like any formal organizations, organized crime group have their own hierarchical structure; and just like any crime group, organized crime syndicates would readily resort to violence. There are specialized members doing specific jobs for their illegal operation, which as already specified, may include public officials to protect their business. Usually, higher rank members take care of business. Managing the business, finding new market, business negotiations, all tasks that are essential to the survival of a business just as if it were an ordinary legal business enterprise are some of the specifications of higher rank members. They may also be the ones who have connections within the government, or are government officials themselves. Lower rank members are the ones specified to perform the â€Å"dirty† jobs: murder, arson, or threatening those who oppose or which are dangerous to the group’s illegal operations. Organized crime syndicates also abhor other groups with the same operation. Operating chiefly for profit, they try to eliminate the competition as much as possible. Less competition means greater profit. Organized crime need not worry about losing business as they can always find patrons for the goods and services they render. In other words, organized crime businesses are always in demand. The text defines organized crime as a group of â€Å"three or more persons, with hierarchical links or personal relationships, which permit their leaders to earn profits or control territories or makets, internal or foreign, by means of violence, intimidation or corruption, both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate industry. Reading the text have offered new insights about organized crime but has not changed my perception, which were basically identical. In sum, an organized crime, as the term implies, is a group with a formal structure, just as any organization, that operates with specialized rules and regulations (organized) incorporating various illegal activities (crime) for the purpose of profit.

The New Federalist Party :: essays research papers

The New Federalist Party Part I As the sole member of the New Federalist party, it is with great honors that I now present to you the very first New Federalist platform. PREAMBLE The growing dissension between the two major political parties today has drawn them away from the public's views. It has been determined that the citizens of the United States cannot get what they want from the current major parties. Because of this, a total reconstruction of the current political structure is in dire need. In response to this need, the New Federalist party has been formed. The name "New Federalist" has been chosen to express the party's foremost concern. This is to restructure the government into the form that the framers of the Constitution meant for it to be in. The basis of this restructuring comes from the 10th amendment and articles of the Constitution. As you know, every major political party needs a symbol. After careful consideration, the mythological hydra has been selected. I know what your thinking, but it is effective in serving two main purposes. The first purpose is that it is an ideal representation of the new structure of government that will be implemented by the New Federalist party. The two heads represent the two governing bodies, the federal government and the state governments. Both "heads" do nothing more than serve or govern over the body, which represents the citizens of the United States of America. The second purpose of the hydra is to shift the focus from the representative party to the individual members of the party. A political party should, like the hydra, should be nothing more than a myth. Votes in an election should not be cast for a party but for the individual candidates. The New Federalist party will be nothing more than a collection of like-minded people seeking to better our great country. In the following pages I have set forth the basic principles and various policy stands of the New Federalist party. STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES PRINCIPLES Federalism: "A political system in which ultimate authority is shared between a central government and state or regional governments."1 The first and foremost principality addresses the power of the federal and state governments. The framers of the Constitution never meant for the federal government to grow to today's tremendous size. The 10th amendment states that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people."2 This means that everything not set forth in the Constitution as being regulated by the federal government will go

Nature versus Nurture in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Nature versus Nurture in Macbeth One of the most commonly debated issues concerning morality is the concept of nature versus nurture. Which is more integral to one’s behavior: the inborn qualities or the influences of life on the individual? Mark Twain, in his essay entitled "What Is Man?" describes humankind this way: Man the machine--man the impersonal engine. Whatsoever a man is, is due to his MAKE, and to the INFLUENCES brought to bear upon it by his heredities, his habitat, his associations. He is moved, directed, COMMANDED, by EXTERIOR influences--SOLELY. (What Is Man?, Mark Twain, http://underthesun.cc/Classics/Twain/whatman/Whatisman.htm) There is some scientific basis for this claim. Studies have shown that both a person’s genetic structure and the circumstances to which he or she is subjected have bearing on how a person thinks, feels and acts. Considering this, the actions of the character Macbeth must be evaluated by his personal motivations and the external causes that may have led to them. It is established from the very beginning that Macbeth is ambitious. There can be no doubt about this. A certain level of courage accompanies his ambition as well. As a noble he is an active one, fighting against the rebel hordes and Norwegians in defense of his king, no doubt for the purpose of gaining notoriety and other rewards. This is further illustrated by his gracious acceptance of credit for his deeds. He is a political figure in the highest sense, and show ambition in this way. However, there is no sign of him altering his course of loyal nobleman until outside influences begin to intercede. The people with gr eatest impact on Macbeth are the witches, his wife and Lady, and King Duncan of Scotland. The witches introduce the idea, King Duncan gives personal motive, and Lady Macbeth helps along the way. The least influential party in all of this is King Duncan. The conflict between these two is purely circumstantial, but clear enough. Macbeth is, as stated, an ambitious man. The King represents the highest position of power that Macbeth can hope to achieve. The King is also a father figure, patronizing to his subjects and expectant of total servitude. When King Duncan thanks Macbeth for his heroic service in battle, Macbeth replies that "Your highness' part / Is to receive our duties; and our duties / Are to your throne and state children and servants" (1. Nature versus Nurture in Shakespeare's Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework Nature versus Nurture in Macbeth One of the most commonly debated issues concerning morality is the concept of nature versus nurture. Which is more integral to one’s behavior: the inborn qualities or the influences of life on the individual? Mark Twain, in his essay entitled "What Is Man?" describes humankind this way: Man the machine--man the impersonal engine. Whatsoever a man is, is due to his MAKE, and to the INFLUENCES brought to bear upon it by his heredities, his habitat, his associations. He is moved, directed, COMMANDED, by EXTERIOR influences--SOLELY. (What Is Man?, Mark Twain, http://underthesun.cc/Classics/Twain/whatman/Whatisman.htm) There is some scientific basis for this claim. Studies have shown that both a person’s genetic structure and the circumstances to which he or she is subjected have bearing on how a person thinks, feels and acts. Considering this, the actions of the character Macbeth must be evaluated by his personal motivations and the external causes that may have led to them. It is established from the very beginning that Macbeth is ambitious. There can be no doubt about this. A certain level of courage accompanies his ambition as well. As a noble he is an active one, fighting against the rebel hordes and Norwegians in defense of his king, no doubt for the purpose of gaining notoriety and other rewards. This is further illustrated by his gracious acceptance of credit for his deeds. He is a political figure in the highest sense, and show ambition in this way. However, there is no sign of him altering his course of loyal nobleman until outside influences begin to intercede. The people with gr eatest impact on Macbeth are the witches, his wife and Lady, and King Duncan of Scotland. The witches introduce the idea, King Duncan gives personal motive, and Lady Macbeth helps along the way. The least influential party in all of this is King Duncan. The conflict between these two is purely circumstantial, but clear enough. Macbeth is, as stated, an ambitious man. The King represents the highest position of power that Macbeth can hope to achieve. The King is also a father figure, patronizing to his subjects and expectant of total servitude. When King Duncan thanks Macbeth for his heroic service in battle, Macbeth replies that "Your highness' part / Is to receive our duties; and our duties / Are to your throne and state children and servants" (1.

Configuring and Maintaining Network Security Essay

Because this is only a test deployment, you will be using a Windows 8 computer to function as the web server. In this exercise, you will install Internet Information Services on your workstation and then configure it to host two websites. Mindset Internet Information Services enables you to configure websites to use specific port numbers. This makes it possible to test the functionality of Windows Firewall. Completion time 15 minutes Question 1 What URLs could you use in your computer’s browser to test the functionality of the intranet website you just created? You can use the IP address of the computer that is hosting the website Take a screen shot of the Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager console, showing the new site you created, by pressing Alt+Prt Scr, and then paste the resulting image into the Lab 12 worksheet file in the page provided by pressing Ctrl+V. Exercise 12.2 Testing IIS Connectivity Overview In this exercise, you will test the functionality of the web server you just installed. Mindset The way to test the functionality of a web server is to attempt to connect to it. Completion time 15 minutes Question 2 What is the result, and what does the result indicate? it goes to 11S 8 microsoft.com/web Question 3 What is the result, and what does it indicate? Success. Intranet website can be accessed in both ways http://localhost/ or http:/127.0.0.1. Question 4 What is the result? Internet Explorer cannot display the webpage Question 5 What is the result? Success. II7 Web page appears Question 6 List three possible reasons as to why you might be unable to connect to your computer’s web server using a browser on another computer. to your computer’s web server using a browser on another computer Take a screen shot of the Customize settings for each type of network window, showing the setting you just modified, by pressing Alt+Prt Scr, and then paste the resulting image into the Lab 12 worksheet file in the page provided by pressing Ctrl+V. [copy screen shot over this text] Question 7 What are the results, and what do the results indicate? Windows Firewall is blocking port 80 for HTTP connection Question 8 What other test could you perform to prove that it was your computer’s firewall that was blocking the connection and not the firewall on the computer you are using as a client? Success. The results indicate that connection is established Question 9 Why is it necessary to clear the cache before you retest the web server connections? computer’s firewall that was blocking the connection and not the firewall onthe computer you are using as a client Question 10 Why can you not simply leave Windows Firewall turned off when you deploy an actual web server? Becuase it is not a secure practice. Turning Windows Firewall Off will allow allconections from outside your network and can be dangerous Exercise 12.3 Allowing a Program Through the Firewall Overview Windows Firewall is preventing clients from connecting to your web server. To enable client access, you will use the Windows Firewall control panel to  allow access to the web server. Mindset The Windows Firewall control panel provides access to basic functions of the firewall, but for complete control, you must use the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security console, which you’ll see in the Lab Challenge. Completion time 10 minutes Question 11 Why are you now able to connect to the website from the client? We allowed to open port 80 on HTTP Question 12 Why are you unable to connect to the intranet site from the client? Port 4444 is not open? or DNS issue? NOT SURE Lab Challenge Creating Windows Firewall Rules Overview The port you opened in Exercise 12.3 enables clients to access the default website hosted by your web server, but not the Intranet website. In this challenge, you must configure your web server to allow traffic to the Intranet website. Mindset Windows 8 often provides more than one way to complete a given task. The Windows Firewall control panel provides a relatively simple interface to the firewall, but it is not a comprehensive one, as we saw in the previous Exercise. Completion time 20 minutes To complete this challenge, you must use the Windows Firewall With Advanced Security console to configure WKSTN-MBR-B to allow traffic to both the default website and the Intranet website you created in Exercise 12.1. To complete the challenge, perform the following tasks: List the steps you took to complete the task. Take a screen shot of the interface you used to create the firewall rules by pressing Alt+Prt Scr and then paste it into your Lab 12 worksheet file in the page provided by pressing Ctrl+V. [copy screen shot over this text] Answer the following questions. Question 13 Why are there two separate rules for the World Wide Web Services in the Inbound Rules container? 1. Every service require its own rule.2. One rule aplies for Domain network type and Another rule aplies forPrivate, Public Question 14 How would the opening of the port you performed in Exercise 12.3 affect the World Wide Web Services (HTTP Traffic-In) rules in the Inbound Rules container? The rule we applied in exercise 13.3 applies only to Domain type network bydefault. So this rule allow connection to intranet inside your network only andwill block all incoming connections from outside Public, Private Question 15 How would the rule creation procedure you just performed differ if you wanted to restrict client access to the intranet website to computers on the local network only? On Profile page. Unchecking the Domain and Private checkboxes will preventclient access to the intranet website

history jane adams essays

history jane adams essays Journeyed to Europe and the sight of large numbers of poor people in Londons East End made a lasting impression on her. When she returned, she searched for a new way to be useful. Social Settlement houses to help immigrants with the transition of settling in the US English Language classes, neighborhood health clinics, after-school programs, and instructions in personal hygiene and infant care 6 settlements in 1891, 200 by 1900 Addams believed that social-welfare activities would improve the lot of the poor and thus diffuse their radical, violent impulses She hoped to offer work for young well-educated women She believed that these women could actually used the skills they were taught while working at these houses Co-founder of the NAACP 1908. Worked with Ida B Wells to prevent segregated schools in Chicago. Civil rights leader and scholar Ridiculed the notion that blacks should be content to become maids, carpenters, and sharecroppers. Joined other black leaders to form the Niagara Movement, which called for an end to segregation and discrimination in unions, the courts, and public accommodations, as well as equal economic and educational opportunity. 1905 Helped establish the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. 1908. The new organization adopted the same platform as the Niagara Movement. Became editor of the NAACP journal The Crisis. He promoted the idea of the Talented Tenththat the most "fit" in his mind men of his race would gain higher education and pull the African American race as a whole up and forward. Although this idea was controversial and not accepted by everyone. Black woman born in slavery ...

foundation degree in events management Essay Example

foundation degree in events management Essay Example foundation degree in events management Essay foundation degree in events management Essay Contents Introduction Foundation degrees are a recognised HE qualification. The degree is made up of both academic and work based learning. The purpose of this report is to explain about the course, work placement and academic requirements. It will also explain why events are created and the purpose they serve in society. Findings The course The course consists of a number of core modules and may include optional modules. These are taken over two years which are based on a value of 1 5 credits, with one credit representing 10 hours of student study time (Warwickshire College, 2013). In ear one the modules are; Academic and professional development Developing professional practice Exploring customer service MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions) Principles of event management Event appraisal Principles of business Introduction to business operations and activities The modules for year two are as follows; Business accounting Human resource management Principles of marketing Professional competence Project management for events Evolving sectors in the event industry Work-based project This course specifically benefits my chosen career path as it involves important odules based on events management. For instance the project management for events module will be particularly helpful as it includes some key skills I am keen to learn and will give me an understanding theoretically and practically on managing events. As noted in the course handbook Project management is a discipline for organising and managing the resources to complete a project. The subject includes a project This is a subject area that is essential for an event manager and will involve investigation and application of the skills and knowledge acquired to both real and simulated projects. : The module will include the management of an event. (Warwickshire College, 2013, P. 5) All the modules are assessed by a variation of coursework such as: role play, written reports, presentation, debates, seminars, essays, leaflet production and written assignments. The assignments have been carefully designed to develop a wide range of skills and knowledge which can be transferred to a working environment Assessment is a crucial aspect of the learning process are was taken to ensure that both in-course and end of module assessments test the skills and knowledge needed in the working environment Formative assessment methods are diverse and include practical assessment of advanced techniques used in the workplace. (Warwickshire College, 2013, p. 36) For example, assignments which are delivered as presentations will help increase and develop skills such as: Presenting skills, communicating, engaging an audience and confidence. This is useful as presentations are often used in the workplace. The course requires independent learning to be successful. Study skills which will enhance independent learning abilities are: Self-management, you must organise and manage time working on your own, there are far less taught sessions than school r a further education course. Taking control, you are responsible for making choices, advice and guidance is available, but its up to you to find this out and to book appointments when necessary. Personal planning, you will benefit by taking control of your time and finding out what skills are necessary for employers. Knowing the essentials, knowing deadline dates, academic regulations, and assignment briefs is essential, read any College documentation thoroughly and keep in a safe place. Finding resources and support, you will be given a list of books to read which is vital for the course. However you are expected to further your knowledge by reading and researching additional sources. You are also expected to find out what support is available. Structuring your study, you are required to work with little guidance, a good assignment will be a result of independent study Keeping going, you must keep motivated and focused when working alone, most people use have the support of other people for this. (Stella Cottrell, 2013) Work placement Work placement is an important element for the foundation degree programme and involves 10 weeks placement spread across the two years. A large proportion of ssessments are designed to be completed through work placement. Warwickshire College, 2013) There are a number of things to make the most of a placement: Set some objectives, decide what you want to achieve and discuss expectations with the employer before you start. Make sure both you and the employer know what you want to gain out of the placement. Show what you are capable of doing, show enthusiasm and be reliable. Dont be afraid to ask questions. Show that you are proactive, ask to attend meetings. Make some suggestions although dont be critical of colleagues or your employer. Keep a diary or learning log, Record experiences and skills and attributes gained Build a network, Identify the colleagues whose work interests you, ask for advice. (Manchester Metropolitan University, 2013) Warwickshire college work in partnership with University of Gloucestershire (I-JOG) the foundation degree is validated by the I-JOG. The University overseas the quality and ensures a high standard of education and have set academic regulations of which Warwickshire College must abide by. The regulations set can affect the assessment scores if deadlines are not met or the required standard is not met. Each piece of coursework will have a submission date and criteria which must be met in order to pass. Late submission or failure to meet the required criteria without approved mitigating circumstances is penalised. For example if the work is less than seven days late the highest mark achievable is capped at 40%,if the work is more than seven days late the assessment is marked at and is failed. This can have a huge effect on the course both financially and academically because if you fail a module below 30% you must retake it, this will cost an extra E700. You are not allowed to rogress on to the second year with more than one restudy. Warwickshire College, 2013) In some circumstances external problems/issues may affect the performance in assessments and a student may feel they failed or underachieved because of the problem. The course manager or personal tutor must be notified as early as possible, ideally before the deadline date, or its likely to be too late. Examples of exceptiona l mitigating circumstances may be: Personal serious illness or accident Death or serious illness of a very close relative Serious family or personal problem Sudden deterioration of a chronic health condition Circumstances which are not likely to be considered are: A minor illness Death or serious illness ofa pet Normal family or work commitments Chronic or long standing illness Pressure of study arising from reassessment Computer difficulties (Warwickshire College, 2013) If it is agreed the circumstances surrounding the student have affected the assessment, the student will either have their results re-considered or have another opportunity to retake that piece of work. (Warwickshire College, 2013) Another requirement for all written assessments is the use of Havard referencing. This ystem is used to acknowledge the work of other writers or to enable other researchers trace the original source. It is allows the work to checked and verified and avoids plagiarism. (Warwickshire College, 2013) The use of the referencing shows research has been carried out giving credence to the subject being studied. For example, to achieve higher marks in assignments a range of sources will be used with correct citation and referencing Excellent use of sources with highly accurate and effective use of citation and referencing. (Warwickshire College, 2013, p. 4) That is one of the criteria to achieve a mark. To achieve the best mark possible it is important you use module guide and contextualised grading descriptor. The module guide will provide an essential reading lists, this will list the recommended books to read in order to complete an assignment to a satisfactory standard. More received for an assignment. Also in the module guide is a contextualised grading descriptor, this can be used to see what level of work is required to achieve a certain grade. For instance for this assignment to achieve a 55%-69% grade you must meet the following criteria: Evidence of some effective self-guided study Good understanding of using of using of sources with largely good understanding of citation and referencing Sources used are academically sound Sources used are academically sound with minimal use of the internet Content is reasonably thorough in its coverage of key areas of induction topics and possibly covering some related issues Good presentation that in the main follows the informal report structure with automated features (Warwickshire College, 2013, p4) Field of study Events have become a huge part of our lives, the public, governments and businesses are all involved. Each event is created for different reasons. Due to an increase of eisure time and discretionary spending have led to a rise in public events such as celebrations and entertainment. Governments support events for their economic development and nation building. Businesses use events for marketing and promotions. Increases in leisure time and discretionary spending have led to proliferation of public events, celebrations and entertainment. Governments now support and promote events as part of their strategies for economic development, nation building and destination marketing. Corporations and business embrace events as key elements in their marketing strategies and image promotion (Bowdin, 012, p. 3) Conclusion References Bowdin, G (2012) Events management 3rd edition. Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann Cottrell, S (2012) Study Skills, (online), Available from algrave. com/ skills4study/studyskills/learning/independent. asp (accessed 20th September 2013) Manchester Metropolitan University, (2013) making the most of work experience, (online), Available from mmu. ac. uk/careers/students-and-graduates/ resources/guides/making-the-most-of-work-experience-and-placements. pdf (accessed 20th September 2013) Warwickshire College, (2013) Course Handbook

Gun Control, what a bitch essays

Gun Control, what a bitch essays The leading debate over gun control laws is the need for self-protection. Because fear is prevalent people tend to always argue they need the guns for a sense of security. Their main focus is that there are not enough police to go around to fully protect them. Claims say they are less fearful in their neighborhoods and are not likely to be afraid in their homes at night. They say that with a gun in their home they are less likely to be attacked, burglarized or robbed then without one. 1. Despite all the claims guns do not make a home safer. In fact guns kept in the home for self-protection are more often used to kill somebody you know than to kill in self-defense. More family members die from guns kept in the home than criminal intruders. When someone is in the home, a gun is used for protection in less then two percent of criminal entry. Having a gun in the home during a burglary allows the burglar to have access to your gun and to the use of it. Once a bullet leaves a gun, who is to say that it will stop a criminal and not a family member? 5. The main reason guns can be so deadly in the home is because they are easily accessed. People who keep guns in the home put their family and household members at risk. The risk of homicide in the home is always greater when a household contains a gun. When a gun is present in the home, a marital or sibling dispute can quickly turn into a homicide. The risk of unintentional and accidental shooting also rises. Most of the time unintentional shootings occur when a gun is being improperly handled or in play. Because guns are preferred for troubled people, the rate of suicide increases. In fact in 1996, 18,166 people committed suicide using a gun they obtained from home. When people allow guns that are improperly secured in their homes they invite danger in with them. 5. The final accusation made by people who are against gun control is that parents do attempt to keep kid...

Customers Revenge Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customers Revenge - Case Study Example I will not define Atida as a customer-centric company. They view customer’s complaints as a means to extort from the company by unreasonable customers. This is very evident with how they handled the complaints of Tom and Jessica. It is very disturbing that after a strong letter from loyal customer (Tom Zacharelli) was sent to the company threatening with negative publicity and a lawsuit, Lisa instead replied that â€Å"It’s not a legal problem . . . They say this customer can certainly hire a lawyer, but once customers understand how much pursuing the legal option will cost, they almost always see things differently. They take their loss, and they move on.† And statements such as â€Å"our only obligation is to ï ¬  x the car and nothing more† and sticking to a policy â€Å"for handling this stuff, one we’ve been following for decades†. Deducing from these statements, Atida thinks that they are just a manufacturing company where they just b uild cars and abandon their customers when they ask for customer service support. When customers complaint and call them, they look at it as a bother and not an opportunity to engage with their customers. This was very evident with Lisa’s mindset that their job is to get rid their phone lines with customers not realizing that getting rid their call centers of customers calling them do not mean that they have solve the customer’s problems. Second, I will revise the company employees’ mindset about customers. To achieve this, I will implement a company-wide reorientation and training about customer service for the company’s culture to change to a more service oriented one. I will introduce a service culture where each employee in the company will strive to satisfy the customers instead of getting rid of them. Lisa will be trained first and other managers will follow. I will recall the call center in India and put it back in the US. Customer service for an automobile

Music Videos, Sexuality, and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Music Videos, Sexuality, and Culture - Essay Example In them, women are portrayed as sexual objects to be exploited by skillful males and not as mothers, sisters, and daughters (that is as people). They are simply figures to be gawked at and not humans deserving both respect and dignity. In the world of music videos, men wield all the power and need not care for social or moral customs. This hyper-sexualized reality of easy, submissive women perverts even traditional female gender roles. Women, prior to the 1960’s, often did live in submissive-like situations if they were housewives. They depended on their husbands for their livelihood. The difference is that then they were portrayed as being chaste and virtuous as well. Sex was only for after marriage. In the world of music videos, women are submissive and sexually ‘liberated,’ in that they are free to have sex outside of wedlock. But when they do, it is only to satisfy the needs of men. As such, it could be said that music videos tell the story of a juvenile, freshly pubescent male, despite the fact that they attempt to present their message as being ‘male’ in general. The consequence-free world of the music video allows men to act out their most juvenile desires: disrespecting women, sex with no real relationship, and, perhaps worst of all, the power to defile and even assault wo men whenever they want. The stories these videos do not tell are clearly those of women who have been the victims of violence and sexual assault or rape. These women are the victims of men living in a world which lacks morality and sexual taboos. Sadly, these men can have their desires realized by watching

The theory of Financial Repression and its Application in Economies of Essay

The theory of Financial Repression and its Application in Economies of Different Countries - Essay Example This essay describes the concept of financial repression, and illustrate the mechanism of its action, using the cases of different countries. The studies conducted by experts confirm that the restrictions imposed on the financial sectors of these two countries have indeed negatively impact on their respective economies giving credence to the McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis. Financial repression must have been fundamentally influenced by Keynesian economics as well as provoked by the instability of the early 20th century events. Financial repression is underpinned by the theory that the state should intervene in financial matters to ensure lesser demand for money that should be channeled instead to the capital/labour sector. It was McKinnon and Shaw, who called attention of the world to the negative effects of such practices. Their hypothesis recommended the liberalisation of the financial sectors from such restrictions to stop stagnation and initiate economic growth. They asserted that financial repression causes economic stagnation and that countries must therefore liberalise their financial sectors. This assertion is confirmed by other studies and models as well. Nonetheless, a number of cases exists that point to a contrary finding such as the cases of Korea and Malaysia that were both placed under financial repression in the 1980s to avert financial collapse. This paper presented the cases of India and China, both of which are considered emerging global super economies, where the provisions of the theory proved to be accurate. ... The existence of financial repression can be deduced from the presence of the following factors: unsystematic distortions in financial prices such as interest and exchange rates; interest rates with ceiling caps and nominal interest at fixed rates, which lead to low or even negative real interest rates; high reserve ratios; guided credit programmes, and; ineffective credit rationing (Bhole 16). Gupta (2004), however, narrowed down the elements of financial repression into interest rate ceilings, high reserve requirements and compulsory credit allocation. The consequences of these intermediary measures are: the implementation of high reserve and liquidity ratio for the purpose of easing budget deficits forcing banks to hold government bonds and money; private bond and equity markets remain undeveloped because of the difficulty of getting government money from private securities, and; government measures adopted to discourage private financial entities from competing with the public se ctor and to spur low-cost investment characterise the banking sector with interest rate caps (2). Financial repression is an economic tool usually employed by developing countries and was popular before the last quarter of the 20th century. It was said to be a knee-jerk reaction to the events of the first half of that century. History shows that the first half of the 20th century was blighted by two financial catastrophic events: the Wall Street Crash in 1929, and; the Great Depression, which was instigated by the Crash. These two events were themselves thought to be two of the underpinning reasons for the outbreak of WWII. The lesson that these events brought was that command economies were more stable and that the state can take the

Personal Statement Adjust(including) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Statement Adjust(including) - Essay Example For instance, when I was in high school, many people were inconsistent in communicating the truth. I was disappointed with this immoral behavior and empathized with the victims who suffered from the lies. Moreover, I am a witness to the problems that the society suffers on failing to master their communication skills. For example, when I was younger, I discovered the negative effects of poor communication. I had several embarrassing conversations with my friends that left us at crossroads. In one such occasions, my friend called me to write an email to all my classmates with a nonspecific subject line such as ‘’meeting.’’ In such a scenario, the recipient, who may have more than one meeting to attend may not understand which meeting this is and may even delete the message, think it is an unsolicited email, and fail to attend the reference meeting. This would lead to a blame game, confusion, loss of objectivity. In addition, last summer I joined an internshi p program with American and Assurance. This assignment required me to adopt formal communication skills that were quite a challenge compared to the informal language we used in school. In this assignment, I leant that the modes and language of communication varies with the audience. In addition, I have also had many formative experiences that manifested the use of varying communication skills that led to breakdowns in communication. Indeed, people may speak too fast, too slowly, or constantly use some complex words that are too cultural or difficult for everyone to understand. Hence, the communication becomes a jargon to the audience thus loosing effectiveness. As such, simplicity is encouraged in communication for purposes of involving the participation of many in a addressing a given issue. Indeed, we have cases where employees and lawyers use complex legal or financial terms that confuse the general audience. More practically, where a tutor or a student uses jargons during a Powe rPoint presentation, the audience loses interest and the presentation lacks sense subjecting it to possible failure. With this knowledge, I can now understand the importance of good communication skills in a presentation. Indeed, I can use such skills to boost teamwork and presentation of effective findings in a workplace setting. Failure to have good communication skills will equally affect my strength leading group discussions, teamwork, or in student organizations. Consequently, during the internship, I realized that I needed to improve my communication skills. Thus, when I studied at Foothill College, I took two classes in psychology to learn more about human behavior and emotions. In fact, at school, my participation and my studies have not only been to make new friends and acquire knowledge but also to improve my communication skills and learn about the significance of human behavior. Notably, while at the college, I became a member of the Hong Kong International Club and an a dministrator for the School Environment Club. These were leadership positions that warranted high integrity and better communication skills. At these positions, I had the mandate to w to give public speeches, inform the stakeholders on various issues, organize the students for a given purpose, and lead from the front. I hence learnt to analyze and understand what club members wanted, how we

Wintz Lawn Service, Inc Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wintz Lawn Service, Inc - Term Paper Example depr. (100) Retained earnings 2,500 200 Total stockholders’ equity 2,900 Total assets $3,200 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $3,200 3) Yes, Kathy Wintz’ summer work was mostly successful. She was able to make lots of sales and her expenses were only a little over half her revenue, which means that she made quite a substantial net profit. Wintz’ biggest expense was salaries, but even then this was only one-third of the net income. Other expenses, such as rent, supplies, and repair expenses, only cost a small portion of the total expenses. For the Retained Earnings Statement, Wintz was able to make back more than double her initial investment. For a business that was only open for four months, this is very impressive. Wintz also paid out some dividends to shareholders, but there was still enough retained earnings left at the end of August that Wintz could return to college feeling satisfied with her summer’s work. For the balance sheets, th e assets column looks very healthy. Added to this is the fact that there are very few liabilities, which means that the business does not have any worries.

Personal Statement Adjust(including) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Statement Adjust(including) - Essay Example For instance, when I was in high school, many people were inconsistent in communicating the truth. I was disappointed with this immoral behavior and empathized with the victims who suffered from the lies. Moreover, I am a witness to the problems that the society suffers on failing to master their communication skills. For example, when I was younger, I discovered the negative effects of poor communication. I had several embarrassing conversations with my friends that left us at crossroads. In one such occasions, my friend called me to write an email to all my classmates with a nonspecific subject line such as ‘’meeting.’’ In such a scenario, the recipient, who may have more than one meeting to attend may not understand which meeting this is and may even delete the message, think it is an unsolicited email, and fail to attend the reference meeting. This would lead to a blame game, confusion, loss of objectivity. In addition, last summer I joined an internshi p program with American and Assurance. This assignment required me to adopt formal communication skills that were quite a challenge compared to the informal language we used in school. In this assignment, I leant that the modes and language of communication varies with the audience. In addition, I have also had many formative experiences that manifested the use of varying communication skills that led to breakdowns in communication. Indeed, people may speak too fast, too slowly, or constantly use some complex words that are too cultural or difficult for everyone to understand. Hence, the communication becomes a jargon to the audience thus loosing effectiveness. As such, simplicity is encouraged in communication for purposes of involving the participation of many in a addressing a given issue. Indeed, we have cases where employees and lawyers use complex legal or financial terms that confuse the general audience. More practically, where a tutor or a student uses jargons during a Powe rPoint presentation, the audience loses interest and the presentation lacks sense subjecting it to possible failure. With this knowledge, I can now understand the importance of good communication skills in a presentation. Indeed, I can use such skills to boost teamwork and presentation of effective findings in a workplace setting. Failure to have good communication skills will equally affect my strength leading group discussions, teamwork, or in student organizations. Consequently, during the internship, I realized that I needed to improve my communication skills. Thus, when I studied at Foothill College, I took two classes in psychology to learn more about human behavior and emotions. In fact, at school, my participation and my studies have not only been to make new friends and acquire knowledge but also to improve my communication skills and learn about the significance of human behavior. Notably, while at the college, I became a member of the Hong Kong International Club and an a dministrator for the School Environment Club. These were leadership positions that warranted high integrity and better communication skills. At these positions, I had the mandate to w to give public speeches, inform the stakeholders on various issues, organize the students for a given purpose, and lead from the front. I hence learnt to analyze and understand what club members wanted, how we

Management Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management Communication - Essay Example Good managers must also act as good leaders. The leadership role that is played by the manager is one of the most important functions that have to be performed by the management. In playing the role of a leader, the manager is involved in various activities that relate to lead the organization to function in a particular direction. The management works to provide direction for the organization on various issues. Great managers are also great leaders. Therefore they play the role of leading others who are under their influence. There have been raging debates on the issue of whether leaders are born or they are made. But one of the most important thing to realize here is that the role of leadership is based on some important skills that an individual posses and some which an individual learns in the process. This is because to be a good leader one does not require one attribute but is made up of specific array of attributes. A good leader must have the confidence to stand in front of other and provide them with direction. A good leader must be able to think in the sense that they must be able to gather, sort and structures information before passing it on to others. They must be able to develop a vision for the organization. ... However the most important aspect of any leader is that they must be able to communication effectively with others. This has been considered as the watershed capacity in leadership. This is because the leader plays the role of informing others, convincing others, uniting others, motivating others and directing others. These things require the leader to have effective communication skill in order to show others where the organization is heading. The effectiveness of a leader lies in their power to inform and persuade others which helps them to win battles for the hearts and the minds of the employees. (Baldoni, 2007) Good leaders are effecting because they have the power to convince others. They use a variety of strategies in order to convince others to follow them. Good managers ensure that they are good listeners and they other time to express themselves. They also ensure that they don't rush to make judgments. They will also ensure that there is an effective feedback mechanism in the organization. For example a good leader will ensure that they talk directly with their workers instead of using mediators. In this way they are able to learn the mood and response of the workers. Strategic organization communication Communication in an organization is very strategic in the sense that is one of the strategic factors that determine the viability of the performance of the organization. It is one of the components of organization strategy and it helps an organization to function even in difficult situations. It is strategic in the sense that it requires to be planned in advance as a part of the overall growth strategy of the organization. It is also strategic in the sense that it will have to be changed on the process of

Urban Consolidation and Environmental Sustainability Essay Example for Free

Urban Consolidation and Environmental Sustainability Essay Urban consolidation is a rising issue in amny capital cities and could have a dramatic effect on the environmental sustainability of Australian cities in the near and distant future. â€Å"Urban consolidation policies concentrate on increasing housing densities in the large cities to produce more compact development, shorter travel distances and less dependence on automobiles. † (Forster 2004, p. 171). Some of the main negative issues that is caused by urban consolidation are a drop in value of pre-existing suburban housing, an overload of public resources in over-crowded cities and traffic and transport inconviences. There are many benefits to urban consolidation which involve lower short term envirnomental impacts and high levels of convience, but at the same time there are many disadvantages which are discussed in this essay. The policies of urban consolidation are surrounded by the idea of building large cities upwards, rather than outwards. This means that they are focussing on constructing multi-story facilities close to the centre of the cities. â€Å"more compact development would reduce the rate at which urban expansions consumes good agricultral land and threatens sensitive natural environments† (Forster 2004, p. 71). Existing housing urban housing and facilities must be demolished to make way for new high rise structures. This indicates that for many australians who have worked hard to buy/own their own home in the inner suberbs of major cities, it will be a struggle for them, due to the fact that their house/dwelling or property will decrease in value. As the population increases, the total of vehicles increases aswell. â€Å"In 1945 there were 100 cars per 1000 people, by 1970 there were almost 500 cars per 1000 people†(Forster 2004, p. 17), this will cause traffic congestion within the cities. As a result of traffic congestion, pollution levels will increase. This will negatively affect peoples health and well being. Along with the inconviences of urban consolidation on the everyday lifestyle, health issues can also be inflated. Childhood obesity is more likely to occur in children that were raised in areas of urban consolidation rather than a child raised in a suburban area, â€Å"urban sprawl communities separate people’s homes from stores, offices, services and restaurants. This makes it nearly impossible for people to carry out their errands, sporting activities or go to work without using their car†(Lopez 2004). This is largly due to the fact that children raised in urban consolidation generally have little access to large parks and playgrounds and would have to go out of their way to be highly active on a regular basis, where as children in suburban areas have access to these large parks and outdoor play areas. There can be many negatives with living in an urban consolidated area which can be an overcrowding in kindergarden and schools, lengthy waiting lists to seek medical attention and a possible need to travel further distances to get to bigger and better-equipped shopping districts. These needs negate the value of urban consolidation in that if many people will still be required to travel moderate or lengthy distances to access facilities then they would be better off to live further into the suberbs where the shops/facilities are well equipped. In conclusion, the policies of urban consolidation would be highly beneficial and have great outcomes in all major Australian cities if the preceding measures were taken care of prior or at the same time to taking action against urban sprawl. Although there are some positives to urban consolidation, such as lower automobile dependance and increased convinience, the many negatives outweigh them. In the long term the policies of urban consolidation may benefit some major cities in australia, but given the current situation in which many cities are not developing at the same rate as urban consolidation is affecting them, it stands that urban consolidation is not the answer to environmental sustainability for Australian cities.

Software Development Waterfall Model

Software Development Waterfall Model For any project gathering the requirements is the basic and key step which defines what the project is supposed to do. Requirements give the information on which the system design is based. If the requirements gathered are incorrect or incomplete this will lead to the failure of the project. Requirements deficiencies may occur due to many reasons, difficulty in prioritizing, natural conflicts of interest. While gathering the requirements for a project we need to estimate the cost of the project, scope of the project, reliability, etc. The law states that the incomplete or wrong definition of requirements is the major cause for the project failure. EXAMPLE: A software company, Virtusa released software for its client Phase Forward but within few days the software didnt worked as per the requirement of the clients and the software had to undergo inspection, the result was the failure in providing the complete requirements by the client. At last the software was a failure due to requirements deficiencies. Boehms first law Errors are most frequent during the requirements and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed. There are many errors in requirements definition stage and design stage; errors in design stage are less serious than in requirements stage. The developer of the project should know the exact purpose of the project and identify the errors in the earlier stage of the project development otherwise the removing these errors in later stage would be costly as the time of the project increase the expenses of the people based the project increases. And it takes the team to more time to remove these errors later on. EXAMPLE: Mentor Graphics Company released a software application with over 300 bugs in it. The expected deadline for the software was almost impossible to achieve with all the bugs in it. The company had to hire more software engineers to remove the errors from the software which increased the cost of the project which was much higher than estimated. Boehms second law Prototyping (significantly) reduces requirement and design errors, especially for user interfaces. Prototyping helps the user to see how the completed project would appear. Prototyping of a project helps identify and reduce the errors in the project. Prototyping also reduces the gap between description and implementation. Prototyping of the project helps to keep a better understanding between the development team and the client. Depending upon the user requirements and the changes to the projects different prototype can be built. Example: Prototyping of software helps the client and the developers how the product is being developed where the client can add more requirements if necessary, by this way there will be very few errors at the end of release. For example, an online banking system software require prototyping where the requirements cannot be specified at a time and the requirements change is frequent. Davis law The value of a model depends on the view taken, but none is best for all purposes. A model is used to represent a system. A model can be viewed for different aspects such as data, process, state transition, structure and behaviour. The importance of the model is the way it is viewed. Model are used for checking the consistency but not executed. A model can answers many questions that a actual project would face in the real world. Example: Ford motors create a real life size model of it vehicles out of clay to observe the look and feel it gives. It also helps the engineers to collect the data about the aerodynamics of the car and the changes can be made by observing the model before building a real one. Your first task is to describe each software development methodology clearly and completely in your own words. You may use diagrams, examples or UML to help you do this. Waterfall Model: Waterfall model is the classic life cycle tool for the software engineers. The waterfall model demands a systematic sequential approach to the software development that start at the system analysis level and passes through analysis, design, coding, testing and maintenance. The waterfall model goes through the following activities: System engineering and analysis. Software requirements analysis. Design. Coding. Testing. Maintenance. Analysis System engineering Design Code Testing Maintenance In the waterfall model we need to go through one phase to another phase when the requirements of one phase are met. For example if the requirements of the design phase are complete then we move to coding phase, if the requirements in this phase are not complete then we will be stuck in coding phase until the requirements of this phase are met. There are advantages and disadvantages in the waterfall model. Real time projects rarely follow the sequential flow of the waterfall model as it is difficult for the customer to give all the requirements at a time. Waterfall model is only suitable for projects in which the requirements are specified explicitly. Agile Methodology: Using an agile methodology the project is break down into small sections or tasks. Each task is done in one week to four weeks. Each task undergoes the complete development cycle i.e requirement analysis, designing, coding and testing. After each task is completed a working prototype is shown to the client, the client may then have some more requirements which they did not mention in the beginning to be added to the project which can be added in the next iteration. In this way there will be very less bugs when the software is released at the end. An agile team consists of 5-9 persons, where the persons are software developers, testers, etc.. . By having a small team it is easy for the team to communicate with each other. An agile team prefer to meet the client face to face rather than by having requirements on paper when the team and client are in same location or by video conferring when the client is overseas. The main aim of an agile methodology is to develop the product with less errors and complete functionality with a given time. Using the first four laws of the text, show where these are either implemented or missing in each software development methodology (Total Two). If a law is missing, explain the consequences and suggest how the process might be improved. Waterfall model with Glass Law Requirement deficiencies are the prime source of project failures. According to glass law insufficient requirements is the major cause for project failures. So according to glass law the requirements for a project should be clearly defined so that the project is done successfully. In a waterfall model each phase should be completely satisfy the needs of that phase so as to go to next phase. Therefore in the requirement analysis phase in waterfall model should be completely fulfilled so the glass law is applicable in waterfall model. Waterfall model with Boehms First Law Errors are most frequent during the requirements and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed. According to Boehms first law identifying the errors in the later stage of the project is more costly to remove them. So the errors should be identified in the earlier stage of the project. Boehms first law is applicable in waterfall model as in the waterfall model is more reliable and the final product of the project is good. In waterfall model we go from one phase to another so to correct the errors we need to come back and start from the beginning which would become more costly in doing it. Waterfall model with Boehms Second Law Prototyping (significantly) reduces requirement and design errors, especially for user interfaces. Boehms second law states that prototyping the project reduces the requirement and design errors. So the project should have a prototype and a good user interface which helps us to reduce the requirement and design errors. In the Waterfall model prototypes should be considered when we are defining the requirements so that we can use these prototypes to identify the errors in the earlier stage. Waterfall model with Davis Law The value of a model depends on the view taken, but none is best for all purposes. According to the Davis law the value of a model only can be determined by the view taken, but none of the view can satisfy all the purposes of the project. So there is no model which can satisfy all the purpose in one view so waterfall model is cannot be implemented using the Davis law. Agile methodology with Glass Law Requirement deficiencies are the prime source of project failures According to the Glass law insufficient requirements is the major cause for the failure of the projects. In the Agile methodology the requirements are defined in the earlier stage and can be defined whenever they are required so there is no issue of insufficient requirements in the Agile methodology therefore the Agile methodology can be implemented using the glass law. Agile methodology with Boehms First Law Errors are most frequent during the requirements and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed According to Boehms first law removing the errors in the later stage of the project is more expensive then to identify them in the earlier stage and remove them. In the Agile methodology the errors can be identified when they occur and can be removed as they occur, so there will not be any errors later. But if they occur it would be costly to remove them later. Therefore Boehms first law is applicable with the spiral model. Agile methodology with Boehms Second Law Prototyping (significantly) reduces requirement and design errors, especially for user interfaces. According to the Boehms second law prototyping of the project reduces the errors. In Agile methodology we develop prototypes for each and every task as the project develops so as to reduce the errors. Therefore, Boehms second law in applicable for Agile methodology. Agile methodology with Davis Law The value of a model depends on the view taken, but none is best for all purposes According to the Davis law the value of the project depends on the view taken, but none of the views can be best suited for all purposes. Different views of the project satisfy the different purposes of the project. Therefore Agile methodology or any model is not applicable with the Davis law. For each software development methodology, give an example of a project which it would be well suited for and one which it would be inappropriate for (Total Two projects for each software development methodology). Waterfall Model Waterfall model is well suitable for large projects which are expensive, and where the project requirements are defined completely and the requirement does not change as the product is being developed. For example, A project of creating a payroll application, which does not have much requirements to be changed is well suitable to build with waterfall model. Examples where this model does not suit Waterfall model is not suitable for projects in which the requirements are not clearly defined and the requirements change during the later stages of the project. For example, the waterfall model is not suitable for projects such as a Antivirus software in which the requirements change is very frequent. Agile Methodology Examples where this model suits Agile methodology is suitable for projects which have low risk factor, small teams and the projects where the requirements often change. For example, the projects to create a antivirus software where the requirements change is very frequent. Examples where this model does not suit Agile methodology is not suitable projects which have high risk factor, needs more developers and where the resources are used more.

Free Glass Menagerie Essays: The Characters :: Glass Menagerie essays

The Characters of The Glass Menagerie Generally when some one writes a play they try to elude some deeper meaning or insight in it. Meaning about one's self or about life as a whole. Tennessee Williams' "The Glass Menagerie" is no exception the insight Williams portrays is about himself. Being that this play establishes itself as a memory play Williams is giving the audience a look at his own life, but being that the play is memory some things are exaggerated and these exaggerations describe the extremity of how Williams felt during these moments (Kirszner and Mandell 1807). The play centers itself on three characters. These three characters are: Amanda Wingfield, the mother and a women of a great confusing nature; Laura Wingfield, one who is slightly crippled and lets that make her extremely self conscious; and Tom Wingfield, one who feels trapped and is looking for a way out (Kirszner and Mandell 1805-06). Williams' characters are all lost in a dreamy state of illusion or escape wishing for something that they don't ha ve. As the play goes from start to finish, as the events take place and the play progresses each of the characters undergoes a process, a change, or better yet a transition. At the beginning of each characters role they are all in a state of mind which causes them to slightly confuse what is real with what is not, by failing to realize or refusing to see what is illusioned truth and what is whole truth. By the end of the play each character moves out of this state of dreamy not quite factual reality, and is better able to see and face facts as to the way things are, however not all the characters have completely emerged from illusion, but all have moved from the world of dreams to truth by a whole or lesser degree. Tom Wingfield makes a most interesting transition. He changes twice during the course of the entire play. One change occurs at the end of the memory part of the play, then he is changed again sometime between when the actual play took place and the time that he returns after serving in the merchant marines. In the beginning Tom Wingfield, the main character and the narrator of the play, feels trapped like a caged animal who needs to be set free which some times causes him to seem to be without pity or remorse (Kirszner and Mandell 1806).

Price of Gasoline :: essays research papers

ANALYZING THE PRICE OF GASOLINE The assignment this week presents a problem where the American Automobile Association (AA) generates a report on gasoline prices that it distributes to newspapers throughout the state. It further states that on February 18, 1999, the AAA called a random sample of fifty-one stations to determine that day’s price of unleaded gasoline. The following data (in dollars) was given in this report: Table 1 - Prices of Unleaded Gasoline at 51 Stations 1.07  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.31  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.18  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.01  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.23  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.09  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.29  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.16  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.08 0.96  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.66  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.21  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.09  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.04  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.01  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.03  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.09  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.11 1.11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.17  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.04  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.09  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.05  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.96  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.09  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.26  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.11 1.03  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.21  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.05  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.04  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.97  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.21  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.07  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.17 0.98  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.04  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.03  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.03  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.18  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.09 1.06  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Create a data array with the gasoline price data A data array is defined as â€Å"data that have been sorted in ascending or descending order† (Shannon, Groebner, Fry, & Smith, 2002, 72). The following section presents the data presented in Table 1 as a data array. Data Array 0.96, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 1.01, 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.03, 1.03, 1.03, 1.04, 1.04, 1.04, 1.04, 1.05, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 1.09, 1.09, 1.09, 1.09, 1.09, 1.10, 1.10, 1.10, 1.10, 1.11, 1.11, 1.11, 1.11, 1.12, 1.16, 1.17, 1.17, 1.18, 1.18, 1.20, 1.21, 1.21, 1.21, 1.23, 1.26, 1.29, 1.31, 1.32, 1.66 Data Analysis Given the data presented in the previous sections, the next few sections use two histograms to estimate the number of prices that are at least $1.15. The first histogram presents the data using five classes and the second uses fifteen. Histogram #1 Data Used in Histogram #1 (5 classes) Range  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.70  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   # of Classes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Class Width  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.1400  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bin #  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relative Frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cumulative Frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cumulative Relative Frequency 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.9600 < 1.1000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.53  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.53 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1000 < 1.2400  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.90 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2400 < 1.3800  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.08  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.98 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.3800 < 1.5200  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.98 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.5200 < 1.6601  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  51  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.00 Histogram #1 (using 5 Classes) Estimate of the Number of Prices that are at least $1.15 Using the histogram presented in the previous section, the estimate of the number of prices that are at least $1.15 is five. This is because the only values that can be counted fall into bins three, four, and five. Even though bin two may contain values that are above the $1.15 threshold, they can not be counted as they are not guaranteed to be above the stated value. Therefore the formula for the estimate is: Estimate = B3 + B4 + B5, where B3=4, B4=0 and B5=1. Histogram #2 Data Used in Histogram #2 (15 classes) Range  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.70  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   # of Classes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Class Width  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.0467  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bin #  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relative Frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cumulative Frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cumulative Relative Frequency 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.9600 < 1.0067  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.08  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.08 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.0067 < 1.0534  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.25  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  17  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.33 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.0534 < 1.1001  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.27  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  31  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.61 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1001 < 1.1468  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.71 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1468 < 1.1935  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  41  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.80 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1935 < 1.2402  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.90 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2402 < 1.2869  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  47  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.92 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2869 < 1.3336  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.06  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.98 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.3336 < 1.3803  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.98 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.3803 < 1.4270  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.98 11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.4270 < 1.4737  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.98 12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.4737 < 1.5204  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.98 13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.5204 < 1.5671  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.98 14  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.5671 < 1.6138  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.98 15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.6138 < 1.6601  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  51  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.00 Histogram #2 (using 15 Classes) Estimate of the Number of Prices that are at least $1.15 Using the histogram presented in the previous section, the estimate of the number of prices that are at least $1.

Interest Groups and Democracy Essay

There is no doubt that interest groups play an important role in a democratic society. However, while some are essential in enhancing democracy in the society, some undermine democracy. Democracy can be described as a form of political leadership in which all policies and decisions are arrived at based on the principle of majority rule. In a democratic country, the citizens elect their political representatives after a specified period of time. Democratic election of representatives is governed by the principles of fairness, political equality and freedom where all the individuals who are eligible voters exercise their rights to make a choice between political partners. Interests groups, otherwise known as pressure groups play an important role in the establishment of pluralism in a democratic society. There is no doubt that the political representative in any society does not provide sufficient representation of all the interests in the society. In any society, there are diverse opinions and interests that the modern democratic structures in the political parties cannot adequately deal with. This is because of the structures of political parties which aggregate the interests of the society to establish an entity that has the ability to govern the entire country. This makes them disabled to dealing with some basic democracy issues affecting some individuals in the country. The interest groups in such democratic societies enable such individuals’ interests and opinions to be heard and have an influence of the decision making process (Hrebenar, 1999). Proponents of pressure groups in a democratic society have argued that these groups triumph over the deficits that are inherent in any democracy. It is important to note that there are many factors in the political structures in the society that results into inadequacy in democratic processes and consequently the deficit. One of these factors is the infrequent in which the elections of political representatives are carried out. In many democracies around the world, election of representatives is carried out after five or so years. For this reason, the majority have an opportunity to participate in a democratic process and influence the decision making process once in a few years. Moreover, the minorities in the society may not be fairly represented in the political parties and therefore have no influence on the democratic processes. In such cases, interests groups play an important role in proving a solution to these inadequacies in the democratic process. Although there are other remedies to the deficits in a democracy, there is no doubt that interest groups enhance democracy (Golden, 1998). The most important facet of democracy is the participation of the masses in all democratic processes. Interest groups in a society play an important role in promoting political participation in the society. Although voting is the most basic process in a democratic society, it does not provide the people with the ability to influence the politics of the country. People may participate in the voting process but may not have the strength to express their views individually to their representatives. Moreover, the political parties may not have all the powers to influence the people to participate in essential political practices such as voting. By people coming together which are facilitated by interest groups, they can push forwards their ideas and feelings about a policy issue. Other than influencing each other in making the right decision in the voting process, individuals within an interest group have the ability to take collective actions which will have a greater influence in the decision making process (Jordan & Maloney, 2007). For example, interest groups who are opposed to gay marriages and abortion can campaign for representatives in the legislature who are pro-life. In so doing, they will be able to influence the outcome of the elections and consequently the decision made by the legislature. This may be the only way through which individuals opposed to such activities in the society can be heard in a democratic society. The same is true for individuals supporting gay marriages and legalization of abortion. Interest groups also mobilize individuals with certain opinions about governance and decisions made in a democratic country to protest against political decisions that they are not satisfied. Through these street protests, the masses are able to express their dissatisfaction thus enhancing democracy (Bosso, 2003). Interests groups play a complementary role of political parties. It is common for a large number of citizens to rally behind a particular political party but are not satisfied by the running of the party. The majority may be unhappy with the position held by their political party on key issues on governance and legislation. Through pressure groups within the political party, they can influence the position of the party on the issues which may not be possible if an individual member of the party seeks to influence the party’s position. For example, individuals within a party may use pressure groups to influence the party’s position and include environmental protection or health care as one of the party’s political agenda. These issues may not be part of the party manifesto but if it is in the best interest of the party and the general public, interest groups can be used to incorporate the issues into the political agenda (Chaskin, 2003). Proponents of interest groups on a democratic society argue that they disperse the powers of the government. Pressure groups in a country have diverse opinions on key issues affecting the society many of which conflict. Due to the presence of these divergent and conflicting pressures on the government, the authorities and policy makers are compelled to listen to the suggestion brought forward by the interest groups. This way, the government acts as a mediator between interest groups with conflicting issues. This introduces the aspect of bargaining and compromise which is important in any democracy. It has also been observed that in some democratic countries such as Britain, the people representatives, who are the members of parliament are impaired in their ability to scrutinize the activities of the central government. In such countries, the interest groups play a major role in enhancing democracy by ensuring that the people representatives are informed of public satisfaction with the government activities. The interest groups in this case act as informal researchers who give briefing to the people’s representatives. The existences of interest groups that promote the welfare of marginalized individuals promote democracy by combating the elite’s interests in the society and ensuring that the disadvantaged are heard. In other words, the interest groups empower the citizens to fight for their democratic rights (Greenwood, 2007). In a democratic society, the interest groups provide an important linkage between the people and the government. Due to this link, the government is more responsible and remains focused on the interests of the general public while promoting democratic citizenship. They provide a vital channel through which information flows from the public to the government and the reverse. They inform and advise the government as well as the public on appropriate actions to take concerning emerging issues in the society (Ehrman, 1972). Despite these important roles played by the interest groups in promoting democracy in the society, some people have argued that they undermine and distort democracy and political systems in a country. For example, the interest group may represent a minority group in the society but be powerful enough to influence the decision in the country. This undermines the basic principle of democracy, majority always rules. This happens when the minorities through the powerful interest groups are able to influence decisions and policies that are against the will of the majority. These undemocratic practices that are promoted by interest groups are very common in trade unions and pressure groups with commercial and business affiliations. In many cases, the level of influence by a certain interest group in the country is determined by the financial and economic position of the pressure group or its members. In many cases, the influence and the position of the general society are not comparable and may be out of proportion (Keohane at al, 2009). Some interest groups are either too powerful or may promote corruption in a country. This limits its ability to promote the democracy and the interests of the general public. For example, interest groups pushing for the interests of the manufactures may be too powerful to influence decisions that favor the manufacturers at the expense of the public. Moreover, such interest groups may finance political campaigns in anticipation that they will obtain favors in the long run. Secret financial affairs and corruption have also been cited to demonstrate how interest groups undermine democracy (Sudbery, 2003). Opponents of the participation of interest groups in democracy maintain that they promote the inequalities in the society because of the high likelihood of them being influenced by the socially and economically advantaged members of the society. Marxists argue that the principle role of interest groups in a democratic society is to maintain the status quo or make the social divide worse. They also argue that the view of the government as a mediator between the conflicting interests as a cover-up of the real nature of power. Interests groups can also cause stagnation of democratic evolution in a society where one interest group blocks introduction of new issues in the society. This may limit social and economic development in the society. It is also important to note that the interest groups are subject to individualistic interests. This is mainly because the election of officials and running the affairs of the group in not always done democratically. It makes no sense how interest groups promote democracy whereas their structures are not democratic (Jordan & Maloney, 2007). In conclusion, interest groups play a major role in promoting or undermining democracy in a country. They are therefore good and at the same time bad in any democratic society. However, the large number of interest groups around the world indicates that they are successful in their mandate. They enable the general members of the public to have an influence on the decision making processes thus enhancing democracy, but can have negative effects if not well regulated.

Why Is Water Pollution An Important Issue Environmental Sciences Essay

A A A A Comprising over 70 % of the Earths surface, H2O is doubtless the most cherished natural resource that exists on our planet.A Without the apparently priceless compound comprised of H and O, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is indispensable for everything on our planet to turn and prosper.A Although we as worlds recognize this fact, we disregard it by fouling our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are easy but certainly harming our planet to the point where being are deceasing at a really alarming rate.A In add-on to guiltless beings deceasing off, our imbibing H2O has become greatly affected as is our ability to utilize H2O for recreational purposes.A In order to battle H2O pollution, we must understand the jobs and go portion of the solution. POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCESAA A A Harmonizing to the American College Dictionary, pollution is defined as: A to do foul or dirty ; dirty.A Water pollution occurs when a organic structure of H2O is adversely affected due to the add-on of big sums of stuffs to the water.A When it is unfit for its intended usage, H2O is considered polluted.A Two types of H2O pollutants exist ; point beginning and nonpoint source.A Point beginnings of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted straight into a organic structure of water.A The Exxon Valdez oil spill best illustrates a point beginning H2O pollution.A A nonpoint beginning delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes.A An illustration of this type of H2O pollution is when fertiliser from a field is carried into a watercourse by rain, in the signifier of run-off which in bend effects aquatic life.A The engineering exists for point beginnings of pollution to be monitored and regulated, although political factors may perplex affairs. Nonpoint beginnings are much more hard to control.A Pollution originating from nonpoint beginnings histories for a bulk of the contaminations in watercourses and lakes.AACAUSES OF POLLUTIONAAA A A A Many causes of pollution including sewerage and fertilisers contain foods such as nitrates and phosphates.A In extra degrees, foods over stimulate the growing of aquatic workss and algae.A Excessive growing of these types of beings accordingly clogs our waterways, use up dissolved O as they decompose, and block visible radiation to deeper Waterss. This, in bend, proves really harmful to aquatic beings as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in H2O. A A A A Pollution is besides caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as dirt, washoff plowed Fieldss, building and logging sites, urban countries, and eroded river Bankss when it rains.A Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other H2O organic structures undergo Eutrophication, an aging procedure that easy fills in the H2O organic structure with sediment and organic matter.A When these deposits enter assorted organic structures of H2O, fish respirationbecomes impaired, works productiveness and H2O deepness become reduced, and aquatic beings and their environments go suffocated.A Pollution in the signifier of organic stuff enters waterways in many different signifiers as sewerage, as foliages and grass cuttings, or as overflow from farm animal feedlots and pastures.A When natural bacteriums and protozoon in the H2O interrupt down this organic stuff, they begin to utilize up the O dissolved in the water.A Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animate beings can non last when degrees of dissolved O bead below two to five parts per million.A When this occurs, it kills aquatic beings in big Numberss which leads to breaks in the nutrient concatenation. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.umich.edu/ % 7Egs265/society/image6N8.JPG Polluted River in the United Kingdom The pollution of rivers and watercourses with chemical contaminations has become one of the most crutial environmental jobs within the twentieth century. Waterborne chemical pollution come ining rivers and watercourses cause tramendous sums of devastation.AAAA A A A Pathogens are another type of pollution that turn out really harmful.A They can do many unwellnesss that range from enteric fever and dysentery to minor respiratory and tegument diseases.A Pathogens include such beings as bacteriums, viruses, and protozoan.A These pollutants enter waterways through untreated sewerage, storm drains, infected armored combat vehicles, overflow from farms, and peculiarly boats that shit sewage.A Though microscopic, these pollutants have a enormous consequence evidenced by their ability to do illness. A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.umich.edu/ % 7Egs265/society/pic5.gif ADDITIONAL FORMS OF WATER POLLUTIONAA A A A Three last signifiers of H2O pollution exist in the signifiers of crude oil, radioactive substances, and heat.A Petroleum frequently pollutes waterbodies in the signifier of oil, ensuing from oil spills.A The antecedently mentioned Exxon Valdez is an illustration of this type of H2O pollution.A These large-scale accidental discharges of crude oil are an of import cause of pollution along shore lines.A Besides the supertankers, off-shore boring operations contribute a big portion of pollution.A One estimation is that one ton of oil is spilled for every million dozenss of oil transported.A This is equal to about 0.0001 per centum. Radioactive substances are produced in the signifier of waste from atomic power workss, and from the industrial, medical, and scientific usage of radioactive materials.A Specific signifiers of waste are uranium and Th excavation and refining.A The last signifier of H2O pollution is heat.A Heat is a pollutant because increased temperatures result in the deceases of many aquatic organisms.A These lessenings in temperatures are caused when a discharge of chilling H2O by mills and power workss occurs. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.umich.edu/ % 7Egs265/society/image5BI.JPGDemonstrators Protest Drilling Oil pollution is a turning job, peculiarly devestating to coastal wildlife.A Small measures of oil spread quickly across long distances to organize deathly oil slipperinesss. In this image, demonstrators with â€Å" oil-covered † plastic animate beings protest a possible boring undertaking in Key Largo, Florida. Whether or non inadvertent spills occur during the undertaking, its impact on the delicate Marine ecosystem of the coral reefs could be lay waste toing.Ahypertext transfer protocol: //www.umich.edu/ % 7Egs265/society/imageKUS.JPGOil Spill Clean-up Workers use particular cyberspaces to clean up a California beach after an oil oiler spill. Tanker spills are an increasing environmental job because one time oil has spilled, it is virtually impossible to wholly take or incorporate it. Even little sums spread quickly across big countries of H2O. Because oil and H2O do non blend, the oil floats on the H2O and so washes up on wide sweeps of shoreline. Attempts to chemically handle or drop the oil may farther interrupt Marine and beach ecosystems. Types of H2O pollution Water pollution can come from a figure of different beginnings. If the pollution comes from a individual beginning, such as an oil spill, it is called point-source pollution. If the pollution comes from many beginnings, it is called nonpoint-source pollution. Most types of pollution affect the immediate country environing the beginning. Sometimes the pollution may impact the environment 100s of stat mis off from the beginning, such as atomic waste, this is called transboundary pollution. Surface Waterss are the natural H2O resources of the Earth. They are found on the outside of the Earth ‘s crust and include: Oceans Rivers Lakes These Waterss can go polluted in a figure of ways, and this is called surface H2O pollution. Microbiological H2O pollution is normally a natural signifier of H2O pollution caused by micro-organisms. Many types of micro-organisms live in H2O and cause fish, land animate beings and worlds to go ill. Microorganisms such as: Bacterias Viruss Protozoa Serious diseases such as cholera come from micro-organisms that live in H2O. These diseases normally affect the wellness of people in poorer states, as they do non hold the installations to handle contaminated H2O. Foods are indispensable for works growing and development. Many foods are found in effluent and fertilizers, and these can do extra weed and algae growing if big concentrations end up in H2O. This can pollute imbibing H2O and geta filters. This can be damaging to other aquatic beings as the algae usage up the O in the H2O, go forthing none for the surrounding marine life. Some pollutants do non fade out in H2O as their molecules are excessively large to blend between the H2O molecules. This stuff is called particulate affair and can frequently be a cause of H2O pollution. The suspended atoms finally settle and do a thick silt at the underside. This is harmful to marine life that lives on the floor of rivers or lakes. Biodegradable substances are frequently suspended in H2O and can do jobs by increasing the sum of anaerobiotic microorganisms nowadays. Toxic chemicals suspended in H2O can be harmful to the development and endurance of aquatic life. Causes Domestic families, industrial and agricultural patterns produce effluent that can do pollution of many lakes and rivers. Sewage is the term used for effluent that frequently contains fecal matters, urine and laundry waste. There are one million millions of people on Earth, so treating sewerage is a large precedence. Sewage disposal is a major job in developing states as many people in these countries do n't hold entree to healthful conditions and clean H2O. Untreated sewerage H2O in such countries can pollute the environment and cause diseases such as diarrhea. Sewage in developed states is carried off from the place rapidly and hygienically through sewerage pipes. Sewage is treated in H2O intervention workss and the waste is frequently disposed into the sea. Sewage is chiefly biodegradable and most of it is broken down in the environment. In developed states, sewerage frequently causes jobs when people flush chemical and pharmaceutical substances down the lavatory. When people are sick, sewerage frequently carries harmful viruses and bacteriums into the environment doing wellness jobs Industry is a immense beginning of H2O pollution, it produces pollutants that are highly harmful to people and the environment. Many industrial installations use fresh water to transport away waste from the works and into rivers, lakes and oceans. Pollutants from industrial beginnings include: Asbestos – This pollutant is a serious wellness jeopardy and carcinogenic. Asbestos fibres can be inhaled and do unwellnesss such as asbestosis, mesothelioma, lung malignant neoplastic disease, enteric malignant neoplastic disease and liver malignant neoplastic disease. Lead – This is a metallic component and can do wellness and environmental jobs. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is difficult to clean up one time the environment is contaminated. Lead is harmful to the wellness of many animate beings, including worlds, as it can suppress the action of bodily enzymes. Mercury – This is a metallic component and can do wellness and environmental jobs. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is difficult to clean up one time the environment is contaminated. Mercury is besides harmful to animal wellness as it can do unwellness through quicksilver toxic condition. Nitrates – The increased usage of fertilizers agencies that nitrates are more frequently being washed from the dirt and into rivers and lakes. This can do eutrophication, which can be really debatable to marine environments. Phosphates – The increased usage of fertilizers agencies that phosphates are more frequently being washed from the dirt and into rivers and lakes. This can do eutrophication, which can be really debatable to marine environments. Sulphur – This is a non-metallic substance that is harmful for marine life. Oils – Oil does non fade out in H2O, alternatively it forms a thick bed on the H2O surface. This can halt Marine workss having adequate visible radiation for photosynthesis. It is besides harmful for fish and marine birds. Petrochemicals – This is formed from gas or gasoline and can be toxic to marine life. Oceans are polluted by oil on a day-to-day footing from oil spills, everyday transportation, run-offs and dumping. Oil spills make up approximately 12 % of the oil that enters the ocean. The remainder semen from transporting travel, drains and dumping. An oil spill from a oiler is a terrible job because there is such a immense measure of oil being spilt into one topographic point. Oil spills cause a really localized job but can be ruinous to local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters. Oil can non fade out in H2O and forms a thick sludge in the H2O. This suffocates fish, gets caught in the plumes of Marine birds halting them from winging and blocks visible radiation from photosynthetic aquatic workss. Nuclear waste is produced from industrial, medical and scientific procedures that use radioactive stuff. Nuclear waste can hold damaging effects on Marine home grounds. Nuclear waste comes from a figure of beginnings: Operationss conducted by atomic power Stationss produce radioactive waste. Nuclear-fuel reprocessing workss in northern Europe are the biggest beginnings of semisynthetic atomic waste in the environing ocean. Radioactive hints from these workss have been found as far off as Greenland. Mining and refinement of U and Th are besides causes of marine atomic waste. Waste is besides produced in the atomic fuel rhythm which is used in many industrial, medical and scientific procedures. Eutrophication is when the environment becomes enriched with foods. This can be a job in marine home grounds such as lakes as it can do algal blooms. Fertilizers are frequently used in agriculture, sometimes these fertilizers run-off into nearby H2O doing an addition in alimentary degrees. This causes phytoplankton to turn and reproduce more quickly, ensuing in algal blooms. This bloom of algae disrupts normal ecosystem operation and causes many jobs. The algae may utilize up all the O in the H2O, go forthing none for other marine life. This consequences in the decease of many aquatic beings such as fish, which need the O in the H2O to populate. The bloom of algae may besides barricade sunshine from photosynthetic Marine workss under the H2O surface. Some algae even produce toxins that are harmful to higher signifiers of life. This can do jobs along the nutrient concatenation and impact any animate being that feeds on them.AAA CLASSIFYING WATER POLLUTIONAAA A A The major beginnings of H2O pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial, and agricultural.A Municipal H2O pollution consists of waste H2O from places and commercial establishments.A For many old ages, the chief end of handling municipal effluent was merely to cut down its content of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding stuffs, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria.A In recent old ages, nevertheless, more emphasis has been placed on bettering agencies of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal intervention processes.A The basic methods of handling municipal effluent autumn into three phases: primary intervention, including grit remotion, showing, grinding, and deposit ; secondary intervention, which entails oxidization of dissolved organic affair by agencies of utilizing biologically active sludge, which is so filtered off ; and third intervention, in which advanced biological methods of N remotion and chemical and physical methods such as farinaceous filtration and activated C soaking up are employed.A The handling and disposal of solid residues can history for 25 to 50 per centum of the capital and operational costs of a intervention plant.A The features of industrial waste Waterss can differ well both within and among industries.A The impact of industrial discharges depends non merely on their corporate features, such as biochemical O demand and the sum of suspended solids, but besides on their content of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in commanding industrial wastewater.A Control can take topographic point at the point of coevals in the works ; effluent can be pretreated for discharge to municipal intervention beginnings ; or effluent can be treated wholly at the works and either reused or discharged straight into having Waterss. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.umich.edu/ % 7Egs265/society/image90K.JPGWastewater Treatment Natural sewerage includes waste from sinks, lavatories, and industrial procedures. Treatment of the sewerage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local H2O systems. In a intervention works, the waste is passed through a series of screens, Chamberss, and chemical procedures to cut down its majority and toxicity. The three general stages of intervention are primary, secondary, and third. During primary intervention, a big per centum of the suspended solids and inorganic stuff is removed from the sewerage. The focal point of secondary intervention is cut downing organic stuff by speed uping natural biological procedures. Third intervention is necessary when the H2O will be reused ; 99 per centum of solids are removed and assorted chemical procedures are used to guarantee the H2O is as free from dross as possible.AAAA Agriculture, including commercial farm animal and domestic fowl agriculture, is the beginning of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface Waterss and groundwater.A These contaminations include both deposit from eroding cropland and compounds of P and N that partially originate in animate being wastes and commercial fertilizers.A Animal wastes are high in O demanding stuff, N and P, and they frequently harbor infective organisms.A Wastes from commercial feeders are contained and disposed of on land ; their chief menace to natural Waterss, hence, is from overflow and leaching.A Control may affect settling basins for liquids, limited biological intervention in aerophilic or anaerobiotic lagunas, and a assortment of other methods.AALand WATERAA A A A Ninety-five per centum of all fresh H2O on Earth is ground water.A Ground H2O is found in natural stone formations.A These formations, called aquifers, are a critical natural resource with many uses.A Nationally, 53 % of the population relies on land H2O as a beginning of imbibing water.A In rural countries this figure is even higher.A Eighty one per centum of community H2O is dependent on land water.A Although the 1992 Section 305 ( B ) State Water Quality Reports indicate that, overall, the Nationis land H2O quality is good to excellent, many local countries have experienced important land H2O taint. Some illustrations are leaking belowground storage armored combat vehicles and municipal landfills.AA